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▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
在英語(yǔ)中,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,要普遍,但大多數(shù)句子都使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中極為重要。許多課本及考試乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問題。一般說來,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí),多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。需要注意的是,許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同。注意:那些漢語(yǔ)中有“被……”的短語(yǔ)往往又不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些特殊現(xiàn)象,如:“known to me的意思,英語(yǔ)卻應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)態(tài)。還要注意,英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)往往由“by”引出,而有用介詞“by on foot”步行(美國(guó)人有時(shí)用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四輪馬車)等等。
還有假主動(dòng),真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類情況,做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),準(zhǔn)確無誤地解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵,被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問題。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)本來很復(fù)雜,怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢首先要明確“將來進(jìn)行無被動(dòng),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行同”。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無被動(dòng)形式。
另外,不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同原賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無被動(dòng)形式。即便如此,還有不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)態(tài),再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜。下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞“do”為例,即“do、did”過去式“done”過去分詞,以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。一定對(duì)你有所啟示。 當(dāng)然了,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也可以概括為“be done”。也就是“be+過去分詞”。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)記憶口訣
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)用be +及物動(dòng)詞的.過去分詞,be有人稱、時(shí)、數(shù)變。
完成時(shí)態(tài)have(has)done,被動(dòng)將been加中間。
一般將來shall(will)do,被動(dòng)變do為be done。
將來進(jìn)行無被動(dòng),shall(will)be doing。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),被動(dòng) have(has)been done。
現(xiàn)、過進(jìn)行be doing,被動(dòng)be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律隨新主語(yǔ)變。
否定助后加not,疑問一助置主前。
主語(yǔ)恰是疑問詞,直陳語(yǔ)序主在前。
一般情助加be done,雙賓多將間賓變。
復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)賓變主,賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)相應(yīng)變。
第二句“be有人稱、時(shí)、數(shù)變”即be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和單、復(fù)數(shù)的變化。“情助”是指情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞“must,may,can,shall,will”等一律隨新主語(yǔ)(多是主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ))來變化?!耙蓡栆恢弥髑啊笔钦f有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞的話,應(yīng)把主語(yǔ)放在第一助動(dòng)詞之后或把第一助動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)例句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
主:We believe him.
被:He is believed by us.
一般過去時(shí):
主:He bought his children some pens.
被:Some pens were bought for his children by him.
一般將來時(shí):
主:Everyone will know the truth soon .
被:The truth will be known by everyone.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):
主:Mary is making a doll.
被:A doll is being made by Mary.
過去進(jìn)行時(shí):
主:They were carrying the hurt player.
被:The hurt player was being carried by them .
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
主:He has received the letter.
被:The letter has been received by him.
過去完成時(shí):
主:They had built ten bridges.
被:Ten bridges had been built by them
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變化的步驟
1、把原主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)
2、把動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式即be +過去分詞,并注意其人稱和數(shù)隨主語(yǔ)的變化,而動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)則保持不變。
3、原主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)如需要?jiǎng)t放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)(注代詞的賓格),如不需要?jiǎng)t可省略。
4、其它的成分(定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ))不變。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況
1)不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(即多數(shù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞):
appear, die(死亡),disappear(消失), end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比較: rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。
(錯(cuò))The price has been risen.
(對(duì))The price has risen.
(錯(cuò))The accident was happened last week.
(對(duì))The accident happened last week.
(錯(cuò))The price has raised.
(對(duì))The price has been raised.
(錯(cuò))Please seat.
(對(duì))Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。
2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
3)系動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(“keep”除外):
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4)帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
(對(duì))She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò))To swim is liked by her.
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊情況
在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),有些動(dòng)詞可以帶雙賓語(yǔ)。在這種情況下,主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí),直接賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面;直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí),間接賓語(yǔ)前通常加上介詞for/to, etc.。
即:S+V+IO+DO→IO+ be done +DO→DO+ be done + prep. +IO
g. 1) My uncle gave me a gifton on my birthday.
→I was given a gifton on my birthday.
→A gift was given to me on my birthday.
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard toplay the guitar.
→It is often heard from him to play the guitar.
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):過去將來時(shí)
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):將來完成時(shí)
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):一般將來時(shí)的用法
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