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▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略現(xiàn)象
單詞省略
1、省略介詞
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四個(gè)小時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)功。
I ' ve studied English (for) five years. 我已學(xué)五年英語(yǔ)了。
2、省略連詞that
I believe (that) you will succeed . 我相信你們會(huì)成功的。
It ' s a pity (that) he ' s leaving. 他要走,真遺憾。
I ' m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她會(huì)幫你的。
3、省略關(guān)系代詞
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看過(guò)我昨天買(mǎi)的書(shū)。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略現(xiàn)象
句子成分的省略
1、省略主語(yǔ)
Beg your pardon. (我)請(qǐng)你原諒。( Beg 前省略了主語(yǔ) I )
Take care! 當(dāng)心?。?Take 前省略了主語(yǔ) you )
Looks as if it will rain. 看起來(lái)象要下雨。( Looks 前省略了主語(yǔ) it )
2、省略謂語(yǔ)
Who next 該誰(shuí)了( Who 后面省略了謂語(yǔ) comes )
The river was deep and the ice thin. ( ice 后面省略了 was )
We ' ll do the best we can. 我們將盡力而為。( can 后面省略了動(dòng)詞 do )
3、省略表語(yǔ)
Are you ready Yes, I am. 你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎 我準(zhǔn)備好了。( am 后面省略了 ready )
He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他還是象年輕時(shí)那樣,是一位運(yùn)動(dòng)愛(ài)好者。( had been 后面省略了 a lover of sports )
4、省略賓語(yǔ)
Let ' s do the dishes. I ' ll wash and you ' ll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧,我來(lái)洗,你來(lái)揩干。( wash 和 dry 后面省略了賓語(yǔ) dishes )
5、省略定語(yǔ)
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那錢(qián)他花了部分,其余的他都存了起來(lái)。( the rest 后面省略了定語(yǔ) of the money )
6、省略狀語(yǔ)
He was not hurt. Strange! 他沒(méi)有受傷,真奇怪?。?Strange 前面省略了狀語(yǔ) how )
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略現(xiàn)象
不同句式中的省略
1.簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略:
在對(duì)話中,交談雙方都知道談?wù)摰膶?duì)象,則可以省略句子的主語(yǔ),省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象在交際用語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)的很多。
(1)Looks like rain.
(2)Hope to hear from you soon.
(3)Sounds like a good idea.
2.并列句中的省略:
在并列句中,相同的成分如主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)等都可以省略:
(1)They learn French and we English.
(2)My father planned and built all these houses.
(3)John won the first race and Jimmy the second.
3.復(fù)合句中的省略:
定語(yǔ)從句:(1)That’s the reason he is late for the conference.
狀語(yǔ)從句:(1)If heated, water will boil.
(2)Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.
賓語(yǔ)從句:如果賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分與主句的謂語(yǔ)部分或上文的謂語(yǔ)部分相同,可將從句部分的謂語(yǔ)省略。
(1)We will do what we can(do)to help you.
(2)—Is Mr. King in his office
—Sorry, I don’t know(whether he is in his office or not).
4.動(dòng)詞不定式的省略:在動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,為了避免重復(fù),常常省略不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞原形,只保留to。
(1)—Would you like to go with us
—I’m glad to, but I have to finish my homework.
在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等結(jié)構(gòu)中,常常省略to后面的動(dòng)詞原形。
(1)They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.
(2)He doesn’t get up early as he used to.
(3)I’ll hand it in if I have to.
(4)—Would you like to come tonight
—I’d love to.
Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),可以省略to后面的動(dòng)詞原形。
(1)He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.
(2)The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.
5.虛擬條件句中的省略:
在虛擬條件句中,如含有had,were,should等時(shí),if可省略,句子倒裝。
如: Should it rain tomorrow,you would have to put off your tour.
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略現(xiàn)象
空缺與增補(bǔ)
兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)不同的句子,謂語(yǔ)有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用連詞連接起來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比,則其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,這樣,后面分句中就出現(xiàn)“空缺”現(xiàn)象?!翱杖薄碧幫ǔ1皇÷缘氖莿?dòng)詞,或動(dòng)詞及其賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。漢譯時(shí)不妨采用“補(bǔ)齊”的方法。例如:
A sound must be heard,a colour seen,a flavour tasted,an odour inhaled.,顏色必須目視,滋味必須口嘗,氣味必須鼻吸。(后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise;mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend.;數(shù)學(xué)使人精細(xì);邏輯和修辭使人善辯。(原文后兩句省略make men)
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略現(xiàn)象
對(duì)英語(yǔ)中一些特殊省略結(jié)構(gòu)譯法需靈活,指的是按正常語(yǔ)法規(guī)則分析,有的無(wú)法增補(bǔ),有的要用不同的方式來(lái)增補(bǔ),使之成為完全句。因此,漢譯英時(shí),視上下文加以靈活處理。
1.“賓語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)……and +謂語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)
其中and連接的,是用作不同成分的同一個(gè)詞,這個(gè)詞既是第一分句的賓語(yǔ),又是第二分句的主語(yǔ)。此結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是,把賓語(yǔ)提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主語(yǔ),達(dá)到簡(jiǎn)化句子結(jié)構(gòu)的目的。漢譯時(shí),可仍先譯賓語(yǔ),不必改變?cè)牡恼Z(yǔ)序。例如:
This substance we call water,and come next only to oxygen.這種物質(zhì)稱(chēng)為水,其重要性?xún)H次于氧。(=We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen.)
2.以“Hence +名詞”開(kāi)頭的結(jié)構(gòu)
hence是表示結(jié)果意義的連接副詞,hence前面的句子表示原因,hence后面則省略了類(lèi)似 come的動(dòng)詞。它是倒裝句。例如:
Hence(comes)this instruction of the experiment因此,有這本實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
3.某些常用詞組引導(dǎo)的省略疑問(wèn)句,通常不需要寫(xiě)出其省略部分。例如:
How(is it)about the result結(jié)果怎么樣呢
4.由習(xí)語(yǔ)組成的省略結(jié)構(gòu) So much is for the foundry processes.工藝過(guò)程的內(nèi)容就是這些。(=Enough has been said or done about...;That is all we'll say about...)
Now for the sound-wave method.現(xiàn) 在談?wù)勶L(fēng)波方法。(=And we will now talk about...)
The grinding machine you operate must be oiled,and that at once.油,而且要馬上上油。(and that是個(gè)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的省略結(jié)構(gòu)。that是指示代詞,代替上文的全部,與and連用表示強(qiáng)調(diào),后接狀語(yǔ)。=andmustbeoiledat可譯為“而且”。)
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略現(xiàn)象
英語(yǔ)介詞(短語(yǔ))應(yīng)用之頻繁,簡(jiǎn)直到了“不可稍離”的地步。它是功能詞中最積極、最活躍之一。但有時(shí),為了用詞簡(jiǎn)潔精練,在上下文意境清楚的前提下,介詞常常省略。譯文中也要采取相應(yīng)的簡(jiǎn)潔表達(dá)手法。
1.動(dòng)名詞-ing前,有時(shí)省略介詞。
Most people just ruin scissors (by)trying to sharpen them.大多數(shù)人想把剪刀磨快,結(jié)果卻磨壞了。
2.在含有way,height,length,size,shape, ckness等慣用語(yǔ)前,有時(shí)省略介詞。
Try to keep your letters (on)this side of 500 words.寫(xiě)信請(qǐng)勿超過(guò)五百字。
3.在以next,this,one,every,each,some,等開(kāi)頭的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)前,有時(shí)省略介詞。
Nine days(from)now will be May Day.起再過(guò)九天,便是五一節(jié)。
4.在“noun +participle”,“noun +and all”結(jié)構(gòu)中,有時(shí)省略介詞“with”。
He jumped into the water, (with his)clothes and all.他和著衣服跳進(jìn)水里。
5.某些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞習(xí)慣搭配中的介詞(短語(yǔ)),在以what,when,how,whether,that出的從句或不定式短語(yǔ)之前,有時(shí)被省略。例如:
I am not informed(as to)whether he went,why from.我沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)他是否去了,為什么去,什么時(shí)候去,來(lái)自何地方。(省略與informed搭配的介詞as to。)
They are tempered to be careless (of)how they spend their time,because they imagine they have so much of it.對(duì)于如何支配時(shí)間,他們總是漫不經(jīng)心,因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為時(shí)間多的是。(省略與形容詞careless搭配的介詞of。
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):省略句
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